In the 1990s, a number of ornaments were unearthed in the Tombs of the Han Dynasty in Hepu County. Due to the limitations of identification technology, the jewelry was identified as "crystal" at the time. More than 20 years later, two high-tech instruments from the Chinese Academy of Sciences were “identified†and re-identified as beryl. These treasures are the oldest beryl ornaments in China, and they also provide new evidence for the trade of ancient maritime silk roads.
When it was more than 20 years, "Crystal"
At the Hepu Han Dynasty Cultural Museum, 6 strings of crystal clear colored beads lie quietly in the showcase. The beads are in the shape of a drop, a column, etc., and the style is different from traditional Chinese jewelry. Although it has been more than 2,200 years ago, its cutting process, color matching, etc. are still inferior to fashion jewelry.
Next to these beadings, the following explanation cards have been placed for many years: "three-color crystal beading", "various crystal beading", and "light blue crystal beading". They were unearthed in some Eastern Han or Western Han Dynasty tombs in Hepu County. The tomb owners are not rich and expensive. For example, the original owner of a string of "three-color crystal beading" was Xu Wen (now Zhanjiang, Guangdong) in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, and Chen Pu, a native of Hepu.
"Three-color crystal beading" was unearthed in the Huangnigang Han Tomb of Hepu in 1990. There are four beautiful light blue crystals on the beaded, which are cylindrical and the smallest one is also peanut-sized. “At the time, cultural relics and archaeologists thought that this light blue was quite rare,†said Lian Shiming, director of the Hepu Han Dynasty Cultural Museum. These crystals were finally identified as “rare light blue crystalsâ€.
The name "Crystal Beads" has been hanging for many years and has been suspected. In 2002, Nanning held the “Academic Seminar on Ancient Glass in South Chinaâ€. The delegates went to the museum to check the beadings. They felt that they were in shape, transparency and hue compared with crystal and transparent potassium silicate glass beading. There are certain differences in terms.
It is very difficult to "identify the right body". At that time, portable non-destructive testing equipment is still relatively lacking. The long-distance transport of these jewels to other provinces has certain risks. The sampling analysis will cause damage to precious cultural relics.
This heart disease has been on hold for more than 10 years.
The oldest beryl beadwork
These elegant beads still affect people's hearts. In the first half of this year, Xiong Zhaoming, a researcher at Hepu Han Tomb and a researcher at the Guangxi Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, turned to the Science and Technology Archaeological Center of the Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for re-evaluation.
Li Qing, a researcher and doctoral supervisor at the center, took two portable instruments—energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and Raman spectroscopy—to Hepu to analyze the chemical composition of 69 stones on the six strings. Although there have been speculations beforehand, the results of the appraisal still give people a surprise - only 28 real crystals, and 36 are beryl gemstones (16 aquamarines, 8 gold emeralds, 12 translucent emeralds) The rest are iron-aluminum garnet, potassium silicate glass and the like.
"The beryl beadwork discovered this time is the earliest such gemstone found in China." Li Qing told reporters that according to reports, the earliest record of the unearthed gemstones in China was the gold emeralds and emeralds of the Ming Dynasty (ie, the emeralds). Etc., unearthed in the tomb of Liangzhuang Wang in Zhongxiang City, Hubei Province, is considered to be the jewelry brought back by Zheng He when he was in the Western Sea. The beryl unearthed from Hepu Han Tomb was more than 1600 years earlier.
Is it really difficult to distinguish crystal and beryl with the naked eye? Li Qing will say that good quality crystals (including colorless crystals, amethysts, etc.) and beryl gemstones are relatively close in hardness, hue and transparency, and are not easily distinguishable by the naked eye. More than 20 years ago, the analytical techniques were limited. It is still unclear what minerals make up the gemstones. They can only be distinguished by type and shape, and it is inevitable that there will be deviations.
The reporter was informed that according to the research needs, the two sides plan to continue cooperation at an appropriate time to conduct further scientific analysis of other gemstones unearthed from Hepu Han Tomb.
"Imported goods" yesterday Fanghua
Similar to modern women's favorite international brands, ancient China also likes “imported goods†jewelry.
According to the "Han Geography", since the beginning of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the maritime traffic trade between China and the South Sea countries was quite developed. Hepu was the main seaport for trade between China and Southeast Asian countries. A large number of ships, messengers and crew members in China have gone from Hepu to the Pearl of the Sea, to the hustle and bustle, to the strange foreign bodies, and to the golden hustle and bustle. Among them, "Pearl" and "ç’§æµ" refer to all kinds of gems.
Beryl is one of the most popular "imported goods" - ancient China prevailed in "Jade culture", the ancients like to use jade as an ornament, funerary objects. In contrast, gems are more popular in ancient India and Southeast Asia.
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