More than 30 years ago, Mr. Yang Boda, then the vice president of the Beijing Palace Museum, deeply felt the uniqueness and importance of Chinese jade culture. He believed that jade research should be extracted from other miscellaneous items and explored as a special topic. At that time, there were a large number of Qing dynasty jade articles in the Palace Museum. Most of the more than 20,000 jade articles were not identified and used as scientific data in the history of jade articles. Mr. Yang, who was nearly a year old, decided to give up his existing research foundation in gold and silver, cloisonné, and Qing Palace paintings, and re-started and devoted himself to the finishing and research of jade. Unexpectedly, this opened a journey to find jade.
Different ancient jade from the north
In screening these long-lost ancient jade articles, Yang Boda found that there are dozens of jade ornaments quite similar. These jade ornaments are mostly Hetian jade, with seed materials and mountain materials. The color is mainly white jade. There are also white jade and sapphire. The carvings are exquisite, and the high reliefs are engraved into pictures. The main characters of the jade ornaments are large-necked swan or flying geese. The eagle has a short and fine eagle, and some of them are lined with aquatic plants such as reeds, lotus leaves, lotus, water plants and rhododendrons. , cascading and dense. There is also a kind of jade ornaments, which are carved between the mountains and forests. They are similar to the autumn landscape paintings of the Liao Dynasty's Qingling and the "Danfeng Moose" and "Autumn Group Deer" in the Palace Museum. During the research process, Mr. Yang gradually realized that the two kinds of jade swan and swan deer have different special moods and tastes. They are different from the jade articles of flowers and baby plays, and they are ringing, ring, The accessories with antiques, such as enamel and enamel, are also different. They lack the color of the turtles and the superstitions of the turtles and females, and they are full of simple wilderness and rich northern flavors.
So Yang Boda began to look for the north of China. He went to the Acheng in the northeast. It was the place where the Jurchens who lived on fishing and hunting had risen, the capital of the early Jin Dynasty, and later buried in the historical materials to find clues. The theme "Song History" is unloaded, but in the "Liao History" it is faintly traced.
Spring hunting, autumn hunting, construction of spring and autumn
The Liao regime established by the Khitan people implemented the four-hour system. The so-called "æºé’µ" is the Khitan language, which is equivalent to the "walking" in the place where the emperor travels. The Khitan emperor’s camp roamed many times a year, and he fished with the aquatic plants. It was cold in autumn and winter, and he was in the spring and summer. He had his own place at four o'clock. This is not only an ideal place for fishing and hunting national emperors to hunt fish, martial arts and leisure, but also the main place for the emperor to discuss the political army and order the world. The most important spring æºé’µ begins in the first month of the first month of each year. The emperor and the ministers came to the vicinity of the Songhua River and the Nenjiang River. Before the swan and the geese flew, the people hooked the fish, and after the geese came, they released the proud raptor Haidongqing. . For a time, the swan flew in the water, and Haidong Qing was chasing after him.
Qiu Jin is mainly playing deer hunting bears in the mountains. After the annihilation of the Liao Dynasty, the Jurchens inherited the custom of the Khitan, changed to the Spring and Autumn seasons at four o'clock, called "Spring Water", "Akiyama", and had provisions for the clothing accessories in the event: "It is from the spring water The clothes are more than the geese, the decorations of the miscellaneous flowers, and the clothes from the autumn mountain are written by the bear deer mountain forest (Editor's Note: Wentong). The Jurchen is still white, and Hetian Meiyu is the most expensive. The band is called "spit", the jade is on the top, the gold is the second, and the engraving is "the decoration of the spring water autumn mountain."
In contrast to the literature, Yang Boda suddenly realized that the jade ornaments of the swan and the deer of the mountain forests were the ornaments of the golden spring and the autumn mountains. With the deepening of archaeological research, the jade ornaments unearthed in the tombs of Jin and Yuan Dynasty also proved Mr. Yang’s speculation.
The pattern is turned to show that the wild fun skills are richer and more mature.
The Mongolians who ruled in the Yuan Dynasty were also good at hunting. They inherited the legacy of the Liaojin aristocrats worshiping Haidongqing. Chunshui Qiushan jade was further developed in the Yuan Dynasty. The Chunshui jade of the Jin Dynasty is mostly simple in composition, with only a few accessories such as Xiangyun and water lines, which emphasizes the fierceness of the swan's life and death. The composition of the spring water jade in the Yuan Dynasty is becoming more and more vivid, and the carving technique is more mature and complex. It adds the environmental landscape of the sea geese, which often forms a multi-layered openwork. The reeds, lotus stems, lotus leaves and water plants are intertwined and frightened. In order to avoid Haidongqing, the swan is rushing to the surface, and the long neck is often drilled between the plants. The fierce Haidongqing or flying above the lotus leaves, waiting for the machine to catch, or holding the swan neck, quiet grass Tingzhou was stunned by hunting.
In the Yuan Dynasty, there was also a non-traditional spring water jade, which only kept the pattern of swan and flying geese through the lotus, but no Haidongqing. The tension, excitement and bloodyness of the swan hunting scene was replaced by the calm, fresh and feminine of the geese wearing the lotus, and the cultural connotation it borrowed changed with the changes of the times. The number of Chongshi Qiushan jade is far less than that of Chunshui jade. It is more like a safari scene or a tiger playing in the mountains and forests. It does not directly show the safari scenes, and it seems to be leisurely and peaceful.
The theme of "Spring Water" and "Akiyama" jade ornaments originated in Liao, rising in gold, prospering in Yuan, and still remaining in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Mr. Yang Boda's research has opened up the history of the smoke, so that the spring water Qiushan jade, which has long been blurred, has been clearly displayed in front of the world, showing the unique aesthetic feelings of the northern Chinese fishing and hunting nomads.
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