The history of the use of jade by the Chinese nation is very long. It can be seen from the ancient history that from the time of the king to the people, there is a habit of using jade and jade. Yuxi is one of the most common and longest-running models in jade. Since the Neolithic Age, people have used jade.
The jade is a round piece with a medium hole. "Erya releaser" contains: "The meat is better than the best, it is called the cockroach; the meat is good, it is called ç‘—; the meat is good, it is the ring." The "meat" mentioned in it refers to the jade part. "Good" refers to the hole. Yuxi is one of the "six ruins" in the ritual. The ancients used the rituals of the heavens, the nobles, the gifts, the evil spirits, and the corpse. The ancients wore jade on their bodies to show the wealth and rank of different people. In the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the public, Hou, and Earl held the king of the country, and the Viscount and the Baron respectively met with Gu Yu and Pu Yu. Jade ornaments are also used to express people's morality and ethics - so there is a saying that "the gentleman is better than the jade". In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the popular jade and other jade articles were combined into a string. At the end of the feudal society, the jade wares that people used to avoid evil were more versatile. The way to wear jade was relatively simple, and some were hung alone at the waist.
With the rise and fall of China's slave society and feudal society, the style of performance on the jade has been constantly changing. In particular, the shape and decoration have changed one after another, reflecting the different characteristics of each period.
Yuxi was first produced in the Neolithic Age about five or six thousand years ago. Many ruins and tombs of Liangzhu Culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River were unearthed. Most of the materials used at that time were serpentine and erectite-type blue-gray half-stone and semi-jade materials. The jade in this period was not well-formed due to the limitation of cutting tools, or the circumference was not very round, and some were almost similar. Square; or the thickness of the carcass is uneven, the surface is uneven, and some have traces of cutting; or the width of the two sides is inconsistent, the diameter of one side is slightly larger than the other side; or the perforation is slightly offset, and the side of the hole has a slope. Although the surface of the jade in this period has no grain, it is enough to make us see that the original ancestors mastered the techniques of opening sheets, drilling and polishing.
The Shang and Zhou dynasties were the development period of Yuxi. As time went by, Yuxi began to become a special ritual for the aristocratic class. The jade in this period is round, the face is cut flat, the inner and outer edges are of equal thickness, the outer edge is rounded, and the holes facing the two sides are generally regular, without the rough style of the Neolithic era. . The Shang Dynasty jade is mainly composed of opaque green-green jade, occasionally tooth yellow, and many plain no lines. The Western Zhou Dynasty has no lines, and the small dragonfly has beautifully carved patterns. Its main theme is dragon, phoenix and bird. A combination of a wide Yinxian line and a thin Yinxian line is used to engrave the enamel finish. The eyes that express the animal's ornamentation are very vivid. The eyeballs are double-inscribed lines and the outlines are beautifully shaped by the "chen" hooks; the dragon and the phoenix are also engraved with scaly double rings, which are stacked end to end - the tail of the phoenix even turns Looking up above the crest, it looks beautiful and beautiful. The wide Yinxian is dug into a slope shape, with more curved lines, natural lines and beautiful animal shapes. The jade materials used at this time are mostly Xinjiang jade, jasper, white jade and Xiuyan jade and Nanyang jade.
In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the decline of the ritual system, the jade began to be used as a jade for jade and funeral, and as a token of ceremonial occasion. Due to the expansion of the use of jade and the expansion of the user range, the jade in this period has had new innovations and developments, and the carcass has become thinner and lighter. At the same time, the ornamentation on the jade is also enriched in this period, including grain, ply, various deformation moiré, dragon and phoenix, and crepe. In the production of jade, it is more elaborate than before, and the kneading surface is polished very brightly, which shows the hard, simple and elegant beauty of jade. Every grain in the Warring States Valley is polished and rounded, just like its edges. The layout of the particles is uniform and dense, and there is no trace of the particles between the particles, indicating that the skill of grinding jade is exquisite and the work is in place. The dragon, crepe, phoenix, and animal prints on the Warring States are similar to the same patterns on other artifacts in the Warring States. They all have distinctive characteristics of the times and are generally easier to identify.
In the period of the Han Dynasty, due to social stability, the national strength was strong, and the jade culture was also booming. Therefore, the general characteristics of the Han Dynasty are large. Large shapes, large patterns, and large lines. The grain pattern is a common ornament on the jade in the Han Dynasty. Generally, this kind of ornamentation is bas-relief-like, and the hand touch has obvious protrusions and smooth feelings. The arrangement is neat and tidy. Even if the edge of the jade is near, the half line of the negative line indicates the grain pattern to show the tidy; each grain pattern The tail is clean, and there is no sense of hardness. The large jade is slightly thicker than the Warring States. The grain and ply grain are larger than the Warring States and are sparse than the Warring States. The land is also not elaborate enough, and generally there are traces of playing the grid. In addition, the Han Dynasty jade adopts the hollow carving method.
During the period of the Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Chinese society was under a great environment of splitting, turbulent and chaotic, and the whole society was greatly affected and restricted. Under such social conditions, the development of jade is also suppressed. The jade in this period is relatively rare.
The Sui and Tang Dynasties are the two powerful empire of feudal society in China. During this period, the country was strong, the economy was developed, and the country was rich and strong. At this time, the East and the West exchanged closely, and foreign culture entered China, bringing many new things and concepts to the Chinese. This is also reflected in the development of jade culture. At this time, the jade has had a more obvious change. The ornamentation is also richer and more diverse than before. The exotic flowers and birds and the beasts have become the subject of jade carving. Common expressions include grain and ply on one side, animal face and crepe on one side, and animal face and crepe on one side and flower pattern on the other.
In the carving technique of the ornamentation, it also shows that the knife is skillful and smooth. The outline is carved with a thicker intaglio line, and the line is sometimes lined with fine stencils. The line is sometimes not connected, but its trend makes the sculpture creatively reflect. Come out and make people feel a kind of beautiful satisfaction and beauty. The grain on the jade is also consistent with the characteristics of this period, small and soft. The outline is not very clear, but the grinding is very fine and bright. The moiré on the jade is also varied, mostly in the form of a sinuous line. No matter what form it changes, the overall style is stretch, soft and smooth. There are also stamen-like decorative patterns between the clouds. The jade with crepe pattern is in the form of a semi-embossed figure, and the details of each part are expressed by the inscribed lines. For example, the tail of the dragonfly is also thick and powerful, and the tip of the tail is curled up, and there is a single tail, and there are also two tails that are forked and rolled up on both sides. The eye style of the animal face is similar to that of the cockroach. It is also the hair with fine stencils on the outline of the thick stencil. The horns are used to express the ears and nostrils. The horns of the beast are also long and thick, and the corners are rolled up with a thick The yin line indicates that the beast and the fangs are similar to the style of the tomb of the Tang Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, Yuxi has changed in style compared with the previous generation. It has many Han styles. The obvious shape on the shape is that the sides of the skull are not visible, and they look curved from the side instead of being square. In addition, although the valley nails are similar to the Tang Dynasty, they are not as soft as the Tang Dynasty. Others such as moiré, crepe and other patterns, although with the Han Dynasty style, but compared to the Han Dynasty's lines are rough and simple, the Song Dynasty slightly added, more tend to be realistic.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the jade was small and small, and there were many rounds. The white jade enamel is thinner, generally one side of the light, and the other side has a pattern. The common patterns on the jade in the Yuan Dynasty are grain, crepe, and animal face. The valley nails are larger and thinner than the Song Dynasty. The form of jade in the Ming Dynasty changed a lot. At this time, the jade is mainly used for wearing, and the etiquette specifications are not as clear as before. Yuxi's materials are mostly sapphire and white jade, and the jade is bright and lustrous. In particular, some works use the skin color of jade, cleverly smashed into raised crepe and floating grain, which is commonly known as the pretty color. effect. The grain carving method is to honing with a pipe drill, and then removing the ground to make the grain grain protrude, so the grain nail is relatively round. In the Ming Dynasty, there was also a class of irregular nails that looked like a circle, and the nails were high and sparse. In addition, the round bends of the crepe lines and the nipple lines on the jade in the Ming Dynasty were square and the inner circle was hard and straight. There are also gossip patterns on the ornamentation.
Qing decoration with expected from Bi, varied, in addition to the decoration of a conventional half-Pan Chi pattern in relief, outside the valley lines, Po pattern, moire patterns also appeared in geometric patterns, characters and patterns auspicious pattern, realistic strong. Middle of the Qing Bi is better, especially the Qianlong period is the best. Qianlong jade in terms of material selection to sculpture, is very luxurious. Especially in suet jade materials jade, carved more beautiful. From carving See, Pan Chi carve proportioned vigorous posture, beautiful, smooth the child, Pan Chi back from the ridge, the ridges have a median from incised lines to the end of the neck, it will be apparent separation of the body Chi Left rib right rib.
In general, the appreciation of jade can not be seen in isolation, combined with the style of the dynasties, especially in all jade. The artifacts of the same era all have their commonalities. For example, the eyes of the Shang Dynasty beasts are very similar to those of the Oracle. The experts call them the words of the minister, not only on the animal face, but also in the eyes of the Shang Dynasty. They are all words of "Chen". In the identification, we must first remember the characteristics of each period, and we must look at the real thing so that we can improve to a new realm in appreciation.
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